Showing posts with label perspectives. Show all posts
Showing posts with label perspectives. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 11, 2016

Capture: Unraveling the Mystery of Mental Suffering

It is rare that I read a book where I am dog-earing and placing so many post-its in order to return to some great idea or quote. Capture: Unraveling the Mystery of Mental Suffering is one of those books. David Kessler takes a new, cross-disciplinary approach to understanding and connecting biological, behavioral, cognitive, phenomenological, and sociocultural perspectives to explain how all/nearly all mental illnesses are related. In taking this approach, I suspect that he will capture the psychological community in the same way as Gardner changed our thinking with multiple intelligences and Gladwell had us viewing the world with thin-slicing. I am drawn to writers who are able to clearly articulate what I have thought or intuited, but have been unable to state simply and clearly. Below are some samples.

Simply put: a stimulus--a place, a thought, a memory, a person--takes hold of our attention and shifts our perception. Once our attention becomes increasingly focused on this stimulus, the way we think and feel, and often what we do, may not be consciously what we want. I have terms this mechanism "capture." Capture underlies many forms of human behavior, thought its effects may be detrimental or beneficial. By viewing behavior through this lens, I hope to help explain the power that capture has over us when it drives us to destructive impulses.

Another excerpt
When we are drawn to a particular stimulus, we act in response to a feelking or need aroused by it. Every time we respond, we strengthen our neural circuitry that prompts us to repaet these actions. As we continue to react in the same ways to the same stimulus over time--thereby sensitizing the learning, memory, and motivational circuitry of our brains--we create emotional and behavioral patterns. Our thoughts, feelings, and actions begin to arise automatically. What started as a pleasure becomes a need; what was once a bad mood becomes self-indictment; what was once an annoyance becomes a persecution. This process of neural sensitization occurs, and grows stronger, over the course of a lifetime, I becomes increasingly difficult for us to resist its pull. . .While capture is often the source of great pain and suffering, it can also grip us in positive ways. The joy of hearing a beloved song, a visit to the quiet interior of a church, the pursuit of a worthy cause in which we believe--all these, too, can be sources of capture.
The genesis of capture is profoundly individual. Our life histories and narratives result from the singular totality of our actions and experiences. What caputres me affects who I am--and who I am affects what can capture me.
In this last selection, I see hints of Bandura and reciprocal determinism with more than a little Rogers' ideas on phenomenology.  You can see more of this in his examination of David Foster Wallace with this quote from Steve Bunney.
For somone like Wallace, in its simplist form, it is about a disconnect between the person you want to be and the person you perceive yourself to be. . .There is a feeling of losing control; this is one of the biggest issues in psychiatry. If you don't have control, then that's when you get into trouble--whether yoy have anxiety or depression or whatever--because that can be a threat to your entire existence. I canot fully imagine the anguish that makes an otherwise healthy person want to end his life, But I do know that suicidal people feel there is no other way to escape from negative thoughts and feelings. One of the paradoxes of suicide is that it becomes that last and only way that a person can exhibit control. 

Kessler goes on to examine the experiences of William James, his work on attention, and James' personal history. He also explores Freud and drives, cognitive behavioral therapy, Aristotle, and neural circuitry. Citing both anecdotes as explicators and research for support, Kessler makes a compelling argument for the concept of capture as well. Kessler views numerous historical events and figures using the lens of capture to understand. Whether the idea catches on, the book is a great read for the simple reason of examining human behavior. Ultimately, he recommends awareness of psychology/causes of behavior and ways to change our attention to facilitate growth. I found the book to be a very enjoyable read.


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Full Disclosure: I did receive a copy of the book at no cost for the review process. The book was already on my "to read" list for this summer. Receiving the book simply quickened the pace.




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About Capture •
Hardcover: 416 pages •
Publisher: Harper Wave (April 12, 2016)

Why do we think, feel, and act in ways we wish we did not? For decades, Dr. David A. Kessler has studied this question with regard to tobacco, food, and drugs. Over the course of these investigations, he identified one underlying mechanism common to a broad range of human suffering. This phenomenon—capture—is the process by which our attention is hijacked and our brains commandeered by forces outside our control. In Capture, Dr. Kessler considers some of the most profound questions we face as human beings: What are the origins of mental afflictions, from everyday unhappiness to addiction and depression—and how are they connected? Where does healing and transcendence fit into this realm of emotional experience? Analyzing an array of insights from psychology, medicine, neuroscience, literature, philosophy, and theology, Dr. Kessler deconstructs centuries of thinking, examining the central role of capture in mental illness and questioning traditional labels that have obscured our understanding of it. With a new basis for understanding the phenomenon of capture, he explores the concept through the emotionally resonant stories of both well-known and unknown people caught in its throes. The closer we can come to fully comprehending the nature of capture, Dr. Kessler argues, the better equipped we are to eventually alleviate its deleterious effects and successfully change our thinking and behaviors. Ultimately, Capture offers insight into how we form thoughts and emotions, manage trauma, and heal. For the first time, we can begin to understand the underpinnings not only of mental illness but also of our everyday worries and anxieties. Capture is an intimate and critical exploration of the most enduring human mystery of all: the mind.

Praise

“Kessler proposes an original theory of the mind. His cogent argument is that a great deal of the apparently inexplicable behavior of human beings is the result of impulses, drives, and obsessions that may share fundamental neural and psychodynamic mechanisms. This carefully researched book is both startling and engaging, and is written with brio.”—Andrew Solomon, National Book Award-winning author of The Noonday Demon “In this richly documented, beautifully written, and original work, David Kessler has given us an idea that explains one of the most strange and most powerful processes in the human brain.”—E. O. Wilson, University Professor Emeritus, Harvard University “Capture is a breakthrough book. In a world of increasingly specialized knowledge, it takes a particular gift and some stubbornness to cut across the fields of neuroscience, psychiatry, philosophy, and psychology, and to ask the fundamental question: Why is it that we allow our best selves to be captured and torpedoed by thoughts and actions that sink us? Kessler’s exploration of the question makes for a compelling read. His ultimate answer is profound and one that could be life changing and life saving. I know I will be handing this book out for just that reason.”—Abraham Verghese, MD, author of Cutting for Stone

David A. Kessler, MD served as commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He is the author of A Question of Intent and The End of Overeating, a New York Times bestseller. He is a pediatrician and has been the dean of the medical schools at Yale and the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Kessler is a graduate of Amherst College, the University of Chicago Law School, and Harvard Medical School.


posted by Chuck Schallhorn

Friday, January 23, 2015

Perspectives in Psychology Practice Questions

When it comes to perspectives, my students for some reason, seem to have difficulty.  Sometimes I will make the unit at the beginning of the semester for regular psych.  Sometimes I will incorporate and integrate the ideas throughout the course and summarize after we've done some units.

Below is a sheet that I created to help my kids practice.  After going over the main perspectives, reading in and out of the text, outside outlines from Britain, a chart that Drew Appleby created and more, I use this sheet to see how well they understand the major points of view--psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural (my book is from 2003). I have them do it as homework, but we go over it as a class and I help them identify key words in the clues.

A Word Version Linked Here
Key to Doc-Word Version


Perspectives Practice Questions                   Name                                                                           Block              

Below are a set of scenarios and ideas that a psychologist from a particular perspective might use.  Choose the best perspective of the following:  Psychodynamic, Behavioral/Learning, Cognitive, Humanistic, Biological, Socio-cultural/social psychological.
Scenario
Perspective
1.      When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine how they think and process information.

2.      When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine what happened in childhood and what kinds of issues the patient is fixated on.

3.      When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine the brain chemistry and hormonal issues of the person.

4.      When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine if the behavior helps the person reach his/her own potential.

5.      When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine what consequences (pleasant or unpleasant) the person experienced.

6.      Examining how a person’s gender will affect their actions.

7.      The unconscious mind influences everything we do.

8.      How do people remember and forget?

9.      Depression is influenced by genetic predisposition and brain chemistry.

10.  Depression is influenced by how we perceive the work and how our thoughts can betray us.

11.  Depression is the result of not being able to express our anger toward those at whom we are angry, so we “swallow” it, leading to depression.

12.  Depression is the result of the depressive behavior being reinforced by important others in our lives.

13.  Depression is caused when an individual has a specific self-concept, but important others in our lives have different views of who we are and what we should be.

14.  When we watch important people in our lives being depressed, we imitate it.

15.  Recent research has found that being a part of any ethnic group changes the way our brains are wired.  This has two answers.

16.  Examining the structures of the brains of schizophrenic twins and comparing them to their healthy twins.

17.  What makes people watch a commercial repeatedly, then go out and buy a product?  There are multiple responses here.

18.  We are constantly trying to become who we are.  Our lives are a process of growth.

19.  There seem to be a few things that motivate people:  hunger, thirst, and sex.  Examining the hormones of each uses this perspective.

20.  Analyzing dreams is a part of this point of view.

21.  An individual’s behavior is connected to a person’s feelings and self-image.

22.  Examining how an eyewitness will interpret a situation and how a lawyer can best cross-examine that witness.

23.  Using drugs to treat various mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression.

24.  When parents use punishment to change their child’s behavior, they are using a technique from this perspective.




25.  When learning song lyrics, you are using techniques from this perspective.

26.  How the body and brain creates emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

27.  Examining the whole person, not just their biology or culture—we need to examine the entirety of a person and his/her perceptions of their world.

28.  Looking at thinking and the “unconscious mind” is folly.  Psychology should examine only observable behavior.

29.  The biggest influence on personality is what happens to us from birth to five years.

30.  The biggest influence on personality is a person’s genetics.

31.  The biggest influence on personality is a person’s culture.

32.  Individual free will is more important for a person becoming who they are as any other factor.

33.  Our mind uses defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety when we face uncomfortable realities.

34.  Teachers will attempt to make the classroom a “safe place” so you can maximize your comfort level and learn more effectively.

35.  Schools provide meals for students so they can avoid hunger and be able to learn more effectively.

36.  Teachers will often get some students to study more by offering extra credit

37.  If you show the same picture of a house on a hill to a Maori and to someone from Iowa, the Maori is more likely to be interested in the hillside, while the Iowan is more likely to be interested in the house.

38.  The reason students will act inappropriately in school is because of how they were raised in their home environment—they never learned how to behave properly but were reinforced to act without manners.

39.  A student tells a teacher to “f-off” while walking out of class.  The reason for that was because the student under the influence of an illicit substance.

40.  A student plays the role of “class clown” in one class and the role of “brain” in another class.  This approach explains it by examining a student’s interpretations of how well the student assesses his/her own abilities in each subject.

41.  A student realizes that she and her boyfriend just cannot continue dating—he really like monster truck races and working on his car.  She prefers the finer things in life such as gourmet foods and expensive clothes/fashion.  They just cannot agree on what to do together.  They come from two different worlds.

42.  A sports psychologist will work with an athlete to help him/her visualize the proper mechanics of the sport to improve performance.

43.  An athlete knows that there will be a bonus if s/he scores more than 25 points in this last game.  Which perspective is being utilized?

44.  David Eagleman wrote “Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain.”  From which perspective does he write?

45.  As children, we need unconditional positive regard (acceptance without anything in return) in order to grow up and become healthy adults.

46.  Daniel Kahneman wrote “Thinking, Fast and Slow.”  From which perspective is he writing?

47.  Your psychology teacher likes to spend lots of time running and hiking because of how it makes him feel.  He always feels physically better after he works out.  Which two perspectives can explain this?




posted by Chuck Schallhorn